The Reformation first reached Košice in the 1530s, when most of ...
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2 gr.;; Venceslavus magister Cassovinus, matriculation 1509;; Johannes Cassovius , matriculation 1509;; Martinus Blasii de Caschvbia, matriculation 1511; ...
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2 gr.;; Venceslavus magister Cassovinus, matriculation 1509;; Johannes Cassovius , matriculation 1509;; Martinus Blasii de Caschvbia, matriculation 1511; ...
www.afpwebfolio.org/_files/6273_101.doc
Students from Košice at the University of Cracow in the fifteenth and early sixteenth century [Iulia Caproş]
The purpose of this study is to describe and comment upon the attendance of students from Košice at the University of Cracow until the twenties of the sixteenth century, that is up to the decade of the Mohács battle and first contacts with the Reformation in this town. After a brief introduction on the academic peregrination of students from Košice in general, the community of students who registered at the University of Cracow will be analyzed in facts and numbers, discussing factors and events that influenced their attendance in Cracow and led to a total cessation of it after the year 1529. Common aspects of academic peregrination such as field and duration of study, social status of students and graduation will be analyzed. The article will be supplemented by the listing of students from Košice who matriculated in Cracow until the year 1529 with data on the matriculation fee paid and graduation, where this was available. By means of this study, I hope to provide a detailed picture of the academic peregrination of students from one of the most important towns in present day Eastern Slovakia at the university of their first choice during the period of the town’s highest economic and commercial development and thus to contribute to a more precise judgment on the academic achievements of the town population at that period of time.
Until the middle of the seventeenth century students from the territories of the Hungarian Kingdom, including the regions of present-day Slovakia did not claim the opportunity to pursue graduate studies at home. Three attempts to open a university in the country failed relatively quickly for various reasons, yet obviously not because of a lack in demand. The high numbers of matriculated students at different universities starting from the thirteenth century on prove the permanently increasing interest towards university studies among the inhabitants of various regions of the Kingdom. The majority of these students came from the largest towns, and Košice was among the first eight as regards the number of its citizens attending foreign universities in the fifteenth century.
Students from Košice started to go to universities abroad already by the end of the fourteenth century. From 1372, when the first documentary attested student from the town registered at the University of Prague until 1530 it was possible to trace a total number of 222 matriculations of citizens from Košice at foreign universities. The following table illustrates the distribution of students from Košice according to the universities for the above mentioned time period:
| University (year of foundation) | nr of matriculations |
| Bologna (12th century) | 2 |
| Cracow (1364) | 151 |
| Florence (1412) | 3 |
| Heidelberg (1385) | 1 |
| Leipzig (1409) | 3 |
| Padua (1222) | 2 |
| Pavia (1361) | 1 |
| Perugia (1308) | 1 |
| Prague (1347) | 5 |
| Siena (1246) | 2 |
| Tübingen (1476) | 1 |
| Vienna (1365) | 50 |
| Total | 222 |
Two major preferences among students from Košice can be observed: these are the University of Cracow, where 68 % of the total amount of students registered and the University of Vienna with 22,5 % as second choice. The University of Prague, which was geographically relatively close to the town of Košice, might have been the third significant choice. Yet, to the great disadvantage for this study is the poor condition of the university documentation, which does not allow for an accurate quantitative analysis of its student body. Furthermore, the events at the beginning of the fifteenth century might have turned Prague into an unappealing place of study for the relatively numerous German population from Košice throughout the remaining fifteenth century. Besides these three universities, which were closer located to the region, a few students from Košice traveled much further in their search for knowledge. There are 11 matriculations at Italian universities, either by representatives of the Dominican order of the town, who were usually sent to Italy to study theology, or, which was rarely the case, by a very few in search of a possibility to study medicine. Apart from that, there are altogether 5 matriculations at German universities, which, during the fifteenth century happen to be represented only very sporadically among the choices of a citizen from Košice.
Cracow, capital of Poland until 1596 and one of the most important economical centers of the country, played an important role in the relations between Poland and the Hungarian Kingdom until the middle of the sixteenth century. The commercial routes which led from Bohemia and Hungary to the Baltic region and from Germany to the Black See went through this area and found an important intersection point in Cracow, giving it a large share in Central and Eastern Europe’s trade. Polish tradesmen had an easier access to the Hungarian market as well and the commercial connections were particularly intensive with the towns in the northern region of the Kingdom, Košice being one of the major destinations among them. This connection, facilitated by the geographical closeness and easy accessibility by road, was further expanded by the increasing attractiveness of the University of Cracow.
After its foundation by King Casimir in 1364 and with his death in 1370, a short period of stagnation ensued. However, King Vladislav Jagiello restored the University of Cracow to complete function on July 26 1400, when the four traditional departments were established with the permission of Pope Boniface IX. From the very beginning, there was strong competition to withstand from other universities founded at the turn of the fourteenth century in Heidelberg, Cologne, Erfurt, Würzburg, and particularly Leipzig in 1409. An event very favorable for strengthening the position of the University of Cracow was the controversy at its nearest rival geographically, the University of Prague, the outcome of which was a stream of students and teachers migrating to Leipzig and Cracow. Besides, from the beginning of the fifteenth century, the reputation of the university was augmented by its professors bound together by a general acceptance of scholastic philosophy and by their reverence for ancient Greece and Rome and the humanist ideal. The Cracow school of law became famous: the defense of the interests of the state, as undertaken by the Cracow professors at the General Councils of Constance (1414) and Basle (1431-1449) revealed them as competent jurists and secured an international reputation to the university.
During the first half of the fifteenth century two important ideological movements reached the University of Cracow. The Hussite movement did not find much support and spreading in Poland, although connections between Prague and Cracow were relatively strong. Of the two, it was Humanism that exercised a long-lasting significant influence. Its first evidences can be found late in the 1430s, but the really significant period when Humanism flourished in Cracow was from the year 1450 on. After the two mentioned councils, where Polish representatives had the possibility to search for and buy books and old manuscripts, several works by Cicero, Pliny, Seneca, Suetonius, Ovid, Terence and other ancient writers came into the possession of Cracow scholars. In addition to philosophical, political, and historical works, a number of books by the earliest Italian humanists, such as Poggio Bracciolini, Francesco Filelfo, Lorenzo Valla, and Pietro Vergerio were brought to Poland. These works prepared the ground for new ideas and Cracow came to be visited by men of learning from different regions, particularly from Italy, who found here great opportunities for free expression and the propagation of humanistic views. While humanist ideas were penetrating society, around the year 1449 the reform of the department of arts at the University of Cracow took place. Two other branches of learning were vital in spreading the university’s fame in the second half of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century as well: mathematics and astronomy.
The sources that allow a detailed analysis of the academic life of students at the University of Cracow are relatively well preserved. In order to put together the quantitative picture of the university attendance of students from Košice the following three sources proved to be extremely useful: (a) the matriculation list preserved for the entire period of interest of this study, (b) the register of the Bursa Hungarorum, and (c) the graduation records book edited by Muczkowski. The first source provides information on the name of student, his place of origin, date of matriculation, and sometimes the matriculation fee paid. The second source helps identify those students who were housed at the Bursa Hungarorum in the town throughout the period of its functioning. The third source assists in figuring out those students whose stay at the University of Cracow resulted in obtaining an academic degree, either baccalaureus or magister, supplying data on the year of the event, name of the dean during the office of whom the promotion took place, name and origin of the graduating student, his ranking according to examination results, sometimes the amount of graduation fee paid and other kind of data varying from case to case. Additionally to this, it has been one of the tendencies of modern university history scholarship to systematize various type of information in electronic databases, and, for the statistical purpose of this study, the amiable help of the collaborators of the new edition - project “Matriculation Lists from the University of Cracow from 1400 to 1508” developed in Poznań under the leadership of Professor Antoni Gąsiorowski proved to be particularly valuable.
The first documentary attested student from Košice registered in Cracow in 1407, and three more matriculations followed in the same year. Citizens of the town were almost continuously present at the University of Cracow starting from these years and until the second decade of the sixteenth century, when the ‘last’ student matriculated, in 1529. The ‘next’ student from Košice, Joannes Andreae Czerwienski Ungarus d. Cassouiensis, matriculated in Cracow as late as in 1639 (!). The following chart represents the quantitative picture of the academic peregrination of students from Košice by decades for the entire fifteenth until the end of the thirties of the sixteenth century:
As I have already mentioned, and as this chart distinctly illustrates, the number of matriculated citizens from Košice started to increase already from the first decade of the fifteenth century. Notwithstanding the pest epidemics in the thirties, which led to a general decrease in the number of matriculations in Cracow, students from Košice continued to matriculate. There are three students registered in 1431, and two students per year in 1434, 1435, 1436, and 1437. The worst pest years were 1438 and 1439, when only a few students were present at the university altogether and, respectively, nobody from Košice matriculated either. However, a boom in matriculation of foreign students in general and of those coming from Košice in particular can be noticed in the second half of the fifteenth century, and especially in the sixties and seventies (eight matriculations of students from Košice in 1466, six in 1463, four in 1474). This popularity becomes visible shortly after the time of internal reforms at the university in the years 1449-1450, which were further extended in 1475-1476. The final ‘boom’ in the matriculations’ number of students from the town was registered in the closing years of the fifteenth and the very early years of the sixteenth century. These first two decades of the sixteenth century at the University of Cracow were, again, particularly prospering, being fully under the influence of Humanism. A considerable number of humanist authors was read, this further complemented by the possibility to study ancient Greek on a regular basis. And it was also a period of relatively peaceful development back at home, the last before the vicissitudes to follow shortly thereafter.
The number of students coming from various towns of the Hungarian Kingdom being generally high, this fact led to the foundation of the Bursa Hungarorum in 1470. This establishment was initially intended to house poorer students, where they could live under the direct supervision of a magister or baccalaureus, who was usually named senior of the bursa. From altogether 75 students from Košice who matriculated in Cracow from 1470 on, only 12 registered at the Bursa Hungarorum. The reasons for this limited registration may be manifold, yet the usual statement put forward by researchers that it were mostly students of poorer origin who were housed there, does not really find ground in the case of Košice registrants. According to the general matriculation list, almost all of those who also registered at the Bursa paid the matriculation fees, and some of the students were representatives of wealthy families in the town, as for example Petrus Briger, who also registered at the bursa after taking his bachelor’s degree. Most probably, after being initially founded with the intention of housing poorer students, later the bursa changed its regulations and started housing students of various social backgrounds. There might have been other reasons students moved in here too, maybe wishing to enjoy the community of their fellow citizens, hoping to save money, or to get a supervisor’s job there. This was, for example, the case of a certain Nicolaus from Košice, who was identified as senior of the bursa pauperum, most probably of the Hungarian bursa during the first year of its functioning, that is in 1470.
However, the low number registered at the bursa indicates that the majority of students coming from Košice were housed elsewhere. Usually those who had a higher income, respectively more financial support from home or other sources, or who had relatives or acquaintances in the town, - and these were numerous because of the intensive commercial connections with Cracow at the time -, would look for a housing opportunity in the town. This type of accommodation, albeit more expensive, would usually offer, at the same time, increased freedom and comfort, these students being less dependent of various constraints of disciplinary character exercised by the senior of the bursa. Besides, during the fifteenth century several other similar-type institutions appeared in Cracow, which could house students of any descent, condition, or nationality, thus appealing to the population of German or Slavic origin as well. Such was for instance Bursa Jerusalem, founded by Cardinal Zbigniew, which included a certain number of students from Hungarian towns, Košice inclusively with one student registered. Another bursa designated for foreign students, in particular for those coming from German territories, was the Contubernium Germanorum, where, again, the population of German origin from the town of Košice could have been accommodated.
According to several scholarly investigations on Cracow University, the number of students coming from urban settlements was considerably higher than of those coming from villages, a fact which would allow the supposition that the majority of students registered in Cracow were representatives of the town bourgeoisie. This can be explained by the extensive development of towns at this time period, and by their increasing demand for learned personnel. While the town of Košice underwent a period of constant development during the fifteenth century, accordingly, the number of students stayed relatively high. Representatives of several social classes from Košice attended the university in Cracow. Usually, members of noble families were registered with this particular mention added, and there is no such registration for Košice. One of the most remarkable native of this town, however, whose name is connected with the Cracow University, is György Szatmári, later to become the head of the Hungarian church hierarchy. Unfortunately the matriculation list does not contain any explicit indication of his matriculation, yet it is beyond any doubt that in order to develop such a career a man of the time had to pursue extensive university studies. Péter Farbaky comes forward with the presumption that Georgius Stephani de Kaschovia, who matriculated in Cracow for the winter semester 1477 could be György Szatmári, also because his father’s name was Stephan. If one accepts this version, he then was approximately 20 years old at his matriculation, which generally corresponds to the tendencies of the time.
In the case of the University of Cracow it is very difficult to identify a certain student’s precise family origin because of the commonly accepted tendency throughout the entire fifteenth century to register only with the Christian name, and sometimes with the Christian name of the father. These names being fairly common at the time, if further supporting data is missing, it does not help to identify a certain person with acceptable precision. However, thanks to the surname present in a few cases, other representatives of rich burgher’s families from Košice who matriculated in Cracow could be identified. These are Nicolaus Ladislai Knol, and probably his brother Johannes Ladislai, who both matriculated in Cracow in 1437, Michael Swarcz de Kasschowia, matriculated in 1457, Jacobus Benedicti Thot de Casszowia, matriculation in 1475, and Petrus Petri (Briger) matriculated in 1513. In a number of cases students’ last names suggest the occupation of the father, or one of the ancestors, such as aurifaber/goldschmiedt/goldsmith (Caspar aurifabri de Cassowia, 1414-15; Petrus Bartholomei aurifabri de Cassowia, 1455), sutor/ shoemaker (Johannes Nicolai sutoris de Caschouia, 1421), cingulator/ belt maker (Laurencius Nicolai cingulatoris de Caschowia, 1425), institor/ merchant (Andreas Jacobi institoris de Cassouia, 1448), sellator/saddle maker (Marcus Gregorii sellatoris de Cassouia, 1448), faber/craftsman/blacksmith (Andreas Andree fabri de Casschovia, 1476), cromar/retailer (Johannes Ladislai Kromar de Cassouia 1453; Georgius Augustini Cratner (Cramer?) de Caschouia 1454). One student was a representative of the Dominican order: Andreas Nicolai Sartoris, frater ordinis predicatorum de Casovia, who matriculated in Cracow in 1466.
Another possibility to receive information about the students’ social background and/or financial possibilities is the data on their matriculation fee paid as indicated by the matriculation list. According to the university statutes, when matriculating, students had to pay a so-called matriculation fee, usually 8 grossi, the payment of which would then be registered as solvit or dedit totum (sometimes in abbreviated form e. g. [s] for solvit, [d] for dedit or [t] for totum) in the matriculation list. There were students who were able to pay just a part of it and were permitted to do so, as well as students exempted from the matriculation fee because of their limited financial resources. Sometimes the possibility to pay in installments was offered to several students and the total payment, be it at once or in rates, was a necessary condition to be fulfilled if one wished to apply for the bachelor’s examination. In the case of students from Košice, from the total number of 151 students, there is registered information on the matriculation fee paid at the date of their matriculation in 133 cases. The following table illustrates the numbers related to various matriculation fees paid:
| Number of students | Amount paid [matriculation fee] | Percentage |
| 29 | totum [8 grossi] | 19 % |
| 1 | 7 grossi | 0,6 % |
| 1 | 6 grossi | 0,6 % |
| 4 | 5 grossi | 2,6 % |
| 56 | 4 grossi | 37 % |
| 16 | 3 grossi | 10,5 % |
| 21 | 2 grossi | 14 % |
| 4 | 1 gross | 2,6 % |
| 1 | pauper | 0,6 % |
| 18 | no information | 12,5 % |
| Total: 151 students | | 100 % |
These data suggest that a fairly large number of students from Košice paid the entire matriculation fee, a fact that indicates their increased financial possibilities. Yet the majority (37 %) of town citizens paid half of the amount due, that is 4 grossi, which is also the case of students that could be depicted as coming from relatively well-to-do families in Košice mentioned above. Only one student is registered as a pauper. Probably, the number of poor students from Košice was higher, since there is no information concerning the fee in 18 registered cases, and, moreover, a number of students apparently did not matriculate at all exactly because of the high fee demanded. However, their number is still very insignificant compared to those who were able to pay a half or even the entire matriculation fee. This could lead to the conclusion that, during the fifteenth century, going to a foreign university to study was mainly the privilege of representatives of families possessing a certain amount of wealth that permitted their sons to face the expenses required to attend a university. At the same time, the fact that the overwhelming number of students from Košice preferred to go to one of the closest universities located in a city where they could enjoy a cheaper way of life also partially because of the numerous acquaintances, indicates, that the amount of wealth at the disposal of students was not unlimited and this forced them to look for a cheaper option among the possible others.
The preserved primary sources related to university activity and functions provide much information that helps describe the academic way of a student at the University of Cracow: from the matriculation to eventual graduation. Upon admission, a student was obliged to register and pay the matriculation fee. After matriculation, the next step was to register for specific lectures. Although there was a recommended order, students were more or less free to make their own choices. The statutes required each matriculated student to select a tutor, usually among the masters, who would be responsible for his conduct and academic progress. The earliest age students were admitted at the university was probably that of fourteen and there were no explicit requirements concerning their previous education. Newly matriculated students were apparently expected to have a basic knowledge of Latin, because all the courses were held in Latin. However, the department of arts was designed in the way that students could acquire all the necessary and missing Latin language knowledge during their first years at the university.
Similarly to other universities at the time, Cracow had four departments, and the department of arts was considered the first step in the academic career of students. The graduation from this department would give the student the possibility to teach and to eventually continue his studies at one of the ‘upper’ departments: of law, medicine or theology. The academic year at Cracow University was divided into two semesters: the winter semester began in mid-October and the summer semester in April. The non-mandatory courses were usually held during the semester breaks, so that, effectively, teaching continued throughout the year with breaks for major religious feasts and also because of epidemics, which were frequent at the time. Modes of instruction were similar in all faculties: lectures (lectiones), practical courses (exercitia), and debates (disputationes). During a lecture, the reader would read passages from a certain set book and explain them in detail, and the commentaries were then usually dictated to students. Debates were normally held once a week, during which the bachelors had to refute the masters, and students had to listen, but also to speak a fixed number of times. After the student had covered a certain part of the syllabus, on the grounds of a written testimonial from his tutor that he had attended the compulsory number of lectures and debates, the student would be presented as a candidate for examination. If he passed, his tutor would deliver a recommendation concluded by the formula for the award of the first degree, the bachelor of arts (baccalaureus). The great majority of students would leave the university after obtaining this degree. The remaining would try to achieve the title of master (magister), attending further courses offered during the last years of study at the department of arts, besides, they would be taught elements of metaphysics, moral philosophy, natural sciences, and elementary astronomy. After about two years, on completion of the full syllabus on Aristotelian philosophy and all of mandatory classes, the bachelor would be presented for the second examination, which would take place in the presence of the entire faculty. At its successful completion the formula for the admission to the master’s graduation (licentia promovendi) was recited, usually by the vice-chancellor. Masters would receive the right to lecture and conduct debates at the University of Cracow and all other universities (ius ubique docendi). Further study was possibly only after two years of teaching at the university in Cracow or elsewhere and brought with it a burden of expenses, so that most students, receiving their licentiate, concluded here their contact with the university, also for financial reasons among several others.
In order to establish whether the matriculated student received a degree or not, Muczkowski’s book proves to be very useful, although it contains only the names of those students who graduated from the department of liberal arts. Certainly, again not in every case the town of origin is recorded, this making the identification of students from Košice dependent to a great extent on the records’ accuracy. For the entire researched period 49 recorded graduations of students from Košice could be identified, of these 38 bachelors and 11 masters. The following table illustrates the number of graduates from Košice compared to the number of graduate students from the region and the Hungarian Kingdom as a whole:
| Time frame | Graduated students from the Hungarian Kingdom [baccalari/magistri] | Graduated students from Upper Hungary (present-day Eastern Slovakia) [baccalari/magistri] | Graduated students from Košice [baccalari/magistri] |
| 1402-1425 | 21/2 | 13/2 | 3*/2 |
| 1426-1450 | 77/16 | 36/8 | 1/0 |
| 1451-1475 | 267/47 | 106/20 | 13/4 |
| 1476-1500 | 382/54 | 99/10 | 10/1 |
| Total: 1402-1500 | 747/119 [866] | 254/40 [294] | 27/7 [34] |
| 1501-1530 | n/a | n/a | 11/4 |
| Total number of graduations for the entire period [1400-1530] | n/a | n/a | 38/11 [49] |
* one baccalaureate in Prague
As it can be seen from this table, the number of graduated students from Košice is comparatively high. During the first two decades of the fifteenth century the only two graduates from Hungary at the University of Cracow came from Košice. Levoča was the single town from present day Eastern Slovakia whose number of graduates (31/13 for the period until 1500) surpassed that of Košice (although the number of matriculated students from Levoča in general was about half of that of Košice).
Nearly every student from Košice who could be identified in Muczkowski’s book, also registered in the general matriculation list, usually two-three years before the date of graduation. In some cases it is not possible to state precisely to which of the students registered in the matriculation list the bachelor’ registration refers in particular. The main cause for confusion is the fact that, as noted before, students registered only with their Christian name, which were very common at that time, and it frequently occurred that even a number of students with the same name registered during the same year. In some cases, although the registration for a degree does exist, the matriculation date remains unknown, such as for example is the case of a certain Georgius de Casschouia, who received his master degree in 1412, Stansilaus Caschouianus, who received his bachelor in 1494, or Thomas de Casszouia, who got his bachelor in 1521. And there is a case when a student from Košice received his master degree in Cracow after having obtained first a bachelor degree from the University of Prague: Georgius de Caschouia, baccalarius Pragensis, who registered for his master in 1411. Most probably, this was a student of German origin who had to leave the University of Prague after the events of the year 1409.
When analyzing the cases where students could be identified with an acceptable degree of accuracy, it becomes evident that it was generally common that a student would apply for bachelor examination between two and five years after his matriculation. Another two years would usually be necessary to apply for the master degree exams. Certainly, not every case fitted into this framework either. There are also cases when the student would matriculate and obtain his bachelor the same year, this being probably an indication that the student matriculated only because this was required for officially obtaining the degree. However, the fact that in the majority of cases students from Košice were able to receive a bachelor degree in two to five years after their matriculation is an argument to confirm the good quality of their previous education at home, most probably at one of the town’s schools. The students displayed sufficient academic level to allow them to comply with all the university requirements in the expected period of time and to receive their degrees according to the regulations.
Comparing the number of graduate students with the number of those who matriculated in the general matriculation list, it appears that not every student and not even the majority of them finally received an academic degree. It was in general very common at the time that not every matriculated student would reach his official graduation. According to Antoni Gąsiorowski, approximately every fifth matriculated student in Cracow received his bachelor and every twentieth his master degree. In the sixteenth century these numbers went down even more. The situation is rather similar for students from Košice as well. Out of the total number of identified matriculated students, 38 received their bachelor degree, that is 25 % or approximately every fourth student and 11 students received a master degree, which makes for 7 % of the total number, or approximately every fourteenth student, in both cases above the general Cracow graduation pattern. All masters from Košice, with the one exception of the above mentioned Georgius de Caschouia, matriculated and received their bachelor in Cracow as well. However, there are four registered cases when a student from Košice matriculated in Cracow could be depicted at other universities as well. In all these cases the other choice was the University of Vienna, where they matriculated either before their arrival to Cracow as in the case of Andreas Jacobi institoris de Cassovia (matriculation in Vienna in 1443 and then in Cracow in 1448), or after their Cracow matriculation as did Johannes Ladislai de Caschowia (matriculation in Cracow in 1437 and in Vienna in 1439) and Petrus Petri de Casszovia (matriculation in Cracow in 1513, and in Vienna in 1519). The fourth case is the only registered throughout the period of this investigation when a student from Košice went to more than one university. Joannes Antoninus Cassoviensis, who received his bachelor in Cracow in 1517 subsequently matriculated in Vienna (1518), Padua (1520), and Tübingen (1523). Therefore one can state that, during the fifteenth and first two decades of the sixteenth century students from Košice would usually start at and graduate from the same university, and only in a very limited number of cases would they search for another place of study.
A considerable number of enrolled students concluded their university career at the department of liberal arts without ever obtaining a degree. One of the reasons might have been the very high costs associated with graduation. Many students would return home or go somewhere else without necessarily holding the graduation certificate, this also suggesting that it was not the major goal of attending a university abroad, and that holding a degree was not essential for the development of their careers, at least for a number of them. Another aspect that should be mentioned here is the possibility that a number of students matriculated in order to enjoy the privileges of being a student, while their original purpose of coming to Cracow had been different. Privileges have been granted to students since the time of the official university foundation. For example, their housing rents were determined by a mixed commission and could not be raised by landlords on their own. All the goods they, their parents, friends, or representatives brought in to Cracow would be exempt of customs charges. An injunction was imposed on local millers and bakers prohibiting surcharges on services for students. And even a special moneylender, one of the Cracow Jews was appointed by the King to lend money to the students at a reduced rate of interest. Therefore, the position of being a matriculated student was certainly very attractive, and, although it will never be possible to argue this fact with an acceptable degree of accuracy, it is certainly likely, that a number of persons wishing to make use of it and having the possibility to pay the matriculation fee was existing.
Few students among those who received their master degree would stay at the university and try to continue their studies at one of the ‘upper’ departments, at the same time looking for a teaching position, usually to guide younger students in their exercises of Latin language, Latin grammar, and rhetoric. Unfortunately we do not have any information about students from Košice attending one of the other three departments at the University of Cracow, also because of the lack of appropriate sources. There is, however, one registered student, Johannes Antoninus, who succeeded in receiving a doctorate in medicine. He matriculated at the University of Cracow in 1515, received his bachelor in 1517 and his second bachelor in Vienna in 1519 and then left to continue his studies at the department of medicine in Padua (around 1520) and later in Tübingen, where he received his doctorate in medicine in 1523. One of his reasons for leaving in order to continue studies at a university elsewhere might have been the insufficient level of development at the department of medicine in Cracow. This department had fewer chances for development during the Middle Ages, and even at the later period. Since there were not many opportunities for employment in the towns of the region, the few trained doctors received their jobs at the royal or bishopric court, or were occupied by rich important individuals as a personal service. This department also lacked sufficient academic ground, being dominated excessively by scholastics, and, bearing in mind that still at the time, there was not much knowledge about the human body, the natural sciences remained underdeveloped. Italy had the best reputation at that time for its possibilities to train medical students, a chance Johannes Antoninus has successfully used.
This relatively intensive frequency of students from Košice at the University of Cracow described above lasted until the third decade of the sixteenth century, when important changes began to have their impact, eventually leading to cessation. Among these was the extremely difficult political situation in the Hungarian Kingdom from the beginning of the sixteenth century on, and particularly the results of the Mohács battle in 1526 and the subsequent military conflicts that ravaged the town of Košice and its surroundings. On the other hand, a slow process of decay at the University of Cracow started to take root. In the end, the struggle between the new humanist progressive thought and the supremacy of theology and scholastic philosophy terminated in the latter’s victory. Opting for the traditional Catholic theology, the university remained a bastion of Catholicism, a fact that caused an exodus of students from territories where the Reformation has already made its way. These students left for nearby Protestant centers of learning such as Wittenberg, Frankfurt on the Oder or Königsberg. By the middle of the sixteenth century the University of Cracow lost its reputation abroad and what followed was a two hundred years period of decline, the university merely having local importance during the next centuries.
In conclusion one can state that the University of Cracow played a very important role in extending the academic potential of the Košice population throughout the entire fifteenth and the first three decades of the sixteenth century. The number of town inhabitants who spent at least a term in Cracow is considerably high and this level of university attendance by inhabitants of Košice will not be accomplished again during the subsequent two centuries, neither in Cracow nor at other universities. Further data concerning the fate of those who attended lectures and disputations grounded on Humanist principles of learning in Cracow would contribute to a better understanding of the impact of the university studies at that time. However, due to the lack of appropriate sources this is only possible in a very few individual cases throughout the entire fifteenth century. It is beyond any doubt, however, that the university attendance influenced to a certain extent the position of the respective individuals in the town, thus having a significant impact on the development of the urban community as such. On the other hand, the numerous students’ community originating from Košice is a clear indicator of the fact that its citizens were intellectually prepared and wealthy enough to be able to financially support their or their relatives’ studies at universities abroad. This factor, together with further data concerning the town’s economical development, its involvement in local and interregional politics, social entourage, religious changes, etc. is a very important one for assessing the level of development of Košice at the end of the Middle Ages.
The following list includes in chronological order the students, who matriculated in Cracow until the year 1530 and whose registered town of origin was Košice. Every entry contains the name of the student as it appears in the records, year of matriculation, matriculation fee paid (if reported), and further information about the degree obtained (where this was available).
Anthonius Joannis de Kaschowya, matriculation 1407;
Clemens de Cassowya, matriculation 1407, p[auper];
Stephanus Petri Helbich de Caschowya, matriculation 1407, baccalaureus 1408;
Stephanus Simonis de Kaschouia, 1407, 3 gr.;
Georgius de Caschouia, baccalarius Pragensis, magister 1411;
Johannes Petri de Kaszowia, matriculation 1412;
Georgius de Casschouia, matriculation year not known, magister 1412;
Caspar aurifabri de Cassowia, matriculation 1414/15, d. 4 gr, promisit residuum;
Georgius Debringer de Casschouia, matriculation 1417, d.t.;
Johannes Nicolai sutoris de Caschouia, matriculation 1421, d. 2 gr.;
Johannes Nicolai Gelnaczar de Cassovia, matriculation 1424, 2 gr.;
Thomas Czenelcher de Caschowia, matriculation 1424, d. 4 gr.;
Laurencius Nicolai cingulatoris de Caschowia, matriculation 1425, 4 gr., baccalaureus 1429;
Ladislaus Bartholomei de Cassouia, matriculation 1427;
Bartholomeus Stephani de Caschowia, matriculation 1431, d. 4 gr.;
Cristiannus Martini de Caschowia, matriculation 1431;
Ladislaus Nicolai Harnusch de Caschowia, matriculation 1431, d. 2 gr., baccalaureus 1434;
Georgius Ladislai de Kaschowia, matriculation 1434, d. 1 gr.;
Jacobus Ladislai de Kaschouia, matriculation 1434, d. 1 gr.;
Jacobus Nicolai de Kassowya, matriculation 1435, d. 2 gr.;
Paulus Andree de Kassowya, matriculation 1435, d. 3 gr.;
Jacobus Bartho(lomei) de Cassouia, matriculation 1436, 2 gr.;
Jeronimus Ladislai de Cassouia, matriculation 1436, 4 gr.;
Johannes Ladislai de Caschowia, matriculation 1437, 4 gr. , Vienna matriculation 1439;
Nicolaus Ladislai Knol de Caschowia, matriculation 1437, 4 gr.;
Mathias Georgii de Kassouia, matriculation 1440, d. 3 gr.;
Johannes Jacobi de Caschowia, matriculation 1441, d.t.;
Johannes Nicolai de Caschowia, matriculation 1441;
Georgius Cristianni de Caschovia, matriculation 1444, d. 4 gr.;
Augustinus Nicolai Hersberg de Casschouia Hungarica, matriculation 1446, d.t.;
Marcus Gregorii sellatoris de {Coschicze} Cassouia, matriculation 1448, d. 4 gr.;
Thadeus Thadei de Cassouia, matriculation 1448, d. 5 gr.;
Andreas Jacobi institoris de Cassovia, matriculation 1448, d. 3. gr.; matriculation in Vienna 1443;
Laurencius Martini Zadinbaom de Cassouia, matriculation 1449, 5 gr.;
Nicolaus Michaelis de Cassouia, matriculation 1449, d.t.;
Petrus Ladislai Kalman de Cassowia, matriculation 1449, 5 gr.;
Benedictus Stephani de Cassovia, matriculation 1450, 4 gr.;
Petrus Petri de Kasovia, matriculation 1450, 3 gr.;
Johannes Ladislai Kromar de Cassouia, matriculation 1453, d.t.; baccalaureus 1457;
Georgius Augustini Cramer de Caschouia, matriculation 1454, d. 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1456; magister 1460;
Georgius Jacobi Gruesz de Caschouia, matriculation 1454, d. 4 gr. t.;
Maternus Nicolai Swerer/Ewerer? de Casschouia, matriculation 1454, d. 2 gr.;
Valentinus Cristianni de Casschouia, matriculation 1454;
Nicolaus Petri de Cassowia, matriculation 1455, 4 gr. d.; baccalaureus 1456; magister 1458; decan 1468;
Petrus Bartholomei aurifabri de Cassowia, matriculation 1455, 4 gr. d.;
Michael Swarcz de Kasschowia, matriculation 1457, 2 gr.; baccalaureus 1463;
Johannes Felnek de Cassowia, matriculation 1458, 3gr;
Stephanus Johannis Czethmar de Casszowia, matriculation 1462, 2gr. (t); baccalaureus 1463;
Michael Bartholomei de Cassowya, matriculation 1461, d. 3 gr (tt);
Johannes Joannis de Cashovia, matriculation 1462, 3 gr.;
Laurencius Andree de Casshouia, matriculation 1462, 3 gr.;
Thomas Anthonii de Cashouia, matriculation 1462, 1 gr.;
Bernardus Weyser Johannis de Casszovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1463, d. 4 gr.;
Johannes alias Myelth de Cassovia, matriculation 1463, 2 gr. d.;
Johannes Sparsgelth de Cassouia, matriculation 1463, 2 gr d.;
Nicolaus Stephani de Casschovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1463, d. 4 gr; 1470 mentioned as baccalaureus and magister, senior bursae pauperum;
Paulus de Casszowya, matriculation 1463, 3 gr.;
Vlricus de Cassovia, matriculation 1463, 2 gr d.;
Bartholomeus Johannis de Caschovia, matriculation 1464, 4 gr.;
Caspar Bartholomei de Casszouia, matriculation 1465, 3 gr d.;
Mathias Panilaslo de Cassouia, matriculation 1465, t.d.; baccalaureus 1469;
Johannes Johannis de Casouia, matriculation 1466, 4 gr.;
Andreas Nicolai Sartoris, frater ordinis Predicatorum de Casovia, matriculation 1466, s.t.;
Dominicus Danielis de Cassouia, matriculation 1466, 4 gr. d.;
Johannes Pauli de Cassowia, matriculation 1466, 2 gr. d.;
Marcus Nicolai de Cassowia, matriculation 1466, 4 gr; baccalaureus 1470;
Petrus Ambrosii de Cassowia, matriculation 1466, d. 4 gr, t.; baccalaureus 1469;
Urbanus Laurencii de Cassowia, matriculation 1466, t.d.;
Valentinus Stephani de Caschovia, matriculation 1466, s.t.;
Augustinus Caspar de Cassowia, matriculation 1467, 4 gr.;
Johannes Ambrosii de Cassowia, matriculation 1467, 4 gr.;
Johannes Georgii de Casschowia, matriculation 1467;
Nicolaus Johannis de Cassowia, matriculation 1467, s.t.;
Gregorius Valentini filius de Kaszovia, matriculation 1468, d. 2 gr.;
Petrus Petri de Cassovia, matriculation 1468, s. 4 gr.;
Johannes Pauli Magni de Cassouia, matriculation 1469, s.t.;
Cristiannus Ladislai de Caszowia, matriculation 1470, d.t.;
Lucas Georgii de Cassouia, matriculation 1470, d. 7 gr.; baccalaureus 1472;
Stephanus Petri de Caszovia, matriculation 1470, d.t.;
Johannes Stephani de Cassouia, matriculation 1471, 1 gr; baccalaureus 1475;
Michael Laurencii de Caschouia, matriculation 1471, 4 gr; baccalaureus 1473; magister 1477;
Melchior/Melchiel Simonis de Kaszowya, matriculation 1473, d. 4 gr.;
Anthonius Gregorii de Cassovia, matriculation 1474, 4 gr. d.; baccalaureus 1476;
Johannes Andree de Kaszowia, matriculation 1474, s. 8 gr.;
Johannes Johannis de Kaszowia, matriculation 1474, s. 4 gr.;
Georgius Nicolai de Kaschovia, matriculation 1474, s. t.;
Jacobus Benedicti Thot de Casszowia, matriculation 1475, s. 4 gr.;
Martinus Valentini de Caschovia, matriculation 1475, s.t.; oculista;
Andreas Andree fabri de Casschovia, matriculation 1476, d. 2 gr.;
Andreas Jacobi Cipsar de Casschovia, matriculation 1477, st. tt.;
Georgius Stephani de Kaschovia, matriculation 1477, s. 6. gr.; baccalaureus 1481;
Johannes Cristianni de Kaschovia, matriculation 1477, s.t.; baccalaureus 1480;
Balthasar de Caschouia, matriculation 1478, s. 3 gr.;
Gabriel Mathie de Cassouia, matriculation 1478, s.t.;
Michael Michaelis de Cassowia, matriculation 1478, s.t.;
Martinus Galli de Casschouia, matriculation 1479, 4 gr.;
Michael Johannis de Casschouia, matriculation 1479, 4 gr.;
Thomas Michaelis de Casschouia, matriculation 1479, s. 4 gr.;
Melchior Martini de Cassouia, matriculation 1481, s.t.;
Andreas Stephani de Cassowia, matriculation 1482, s. 3 latos gr; baccalaureus 1485;
Franciscus Francisci de Cassouia, matriculation 1484, s. 4 gr.;
Matheus Johannis de Casschouia, matriculation 1484, s. 4. gr.; baccalaureus 1489;
Caspar Pauli de Cassovia, matriculation 1485, s. 4 gr.;
Jacobus Johannis de Cassovia, matriculation 1485, s. 3 latos gr.; baccalaureus 1490;
Ladislaus Johannis de Cassovia, matriculation 1485, s. 3 latos;
Laurencius Laurencii de Caschowia, matriculation 1485, s. 3 latos gr.; baccalaureus 1487;
Johannes Mathie de Casschovia, matriculation 1486, s. 4 gr.;
Thomas Nicolai de Caschouia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1487, s.t.;
Johannes Johannis de Caschowia, matriculation 1491, s. 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1494;
Andreas Stephani de Casschovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1493, s.t.;
Martinus Pauli de Casschouia dioc. Strigoniensis, matriculation 1493, s.t.;
Stansisl. Caschouianus, matriculation date not known; baccalaureus 1494;
Nicolaus Pazoth de Caschouia, matriculation date not known, mentioned in 1496 in Acta Rectoralia;
Bartholomeus Petri Bak de Caschouia Strigoniensis, matriculation 1498, 2 gr.; baccalaureus 1499;
Joannes Dominici de Caschouia, matriculation 1498, 2 gr.;
Michael Michaelis de Cassovia Strigonensis, matriculation 1499, 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1502; magister 1505;
Michael Simonis de Casschovia, matriculation 1499, 3 gr.; baccalaureus 1503;
Cristoforus Benedicti de Caschowia, matriculation 1500, s. 4 gr.;
Martinus Mathie de Cassovia Hungarie, matriculation 1501, 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1503; magister 1510;
Valentinus Michaelis de Cassovia, matriculation 1501, 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1503;
Andreas Nicolai de Cassovia, matriculation 1502, s.;
Gregorius Andree de Cassovia, matriculation 1502, s. 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1505; magister 1510;
Cristoforus Johannis de Kassouia, matriculation 1502, 4 gr. s.; baccalaureus 1503;
Petrus Baltazar de Cassouia, matriculation 1503, s. 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1504;
Cristoferus Pauli de Cassovia, matriculation 1504, s.t.;
Wolfgangus Wolfgangi de Casszovia, matriculation 1504, s. 5 gr.;
Johannes Georgii de Cassovia, matriculation 1505, 4 gr.;
Thomas Clementis de Kaschovia, matriculation 1507, s. 2 gr.;
Venceslavus magister Cassovinus, matriculation 1509;
Johannes Cassovius , matriculation 1509;
Martinus Blasii de Caschvbia, matriculation 1511; baccalaureus 1518;
Caspar Johannis de Cossovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1512, 4 gr. s.;
Petrus Petri de Casszovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1513, gr. 4 s.; baccalaureatus, 1514; magister 1519; matriculation in Vienna, 1519;
Valentinus Stephani de Casschouia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1513, t.s.;
Nicolaus de Cassouia, matriculation 1513-14;
Joannes Antoninus Cassoviensis / Johannes Anthony de Casschouia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1515, s. 4 gr.; baccalaureus 1517, matriculation Vienna, 1518; cca 1520 in Padua; matriculation in Tübingen 1523;
Johannes Oszwaldi de Cassovia dioc. Strigoniensis, matriculation 1517, s. 4 gr; baccalaureus 1519;
Johannes Johannis de Cassovia dioc. Strigoniensis, matriculation 1517, s. 4. gr.;
Johannes Balthazar de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1517, s. 4 gr.;
Laurentius Stephani de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1517, s. 4 gr.;
Georgius Romuli de Caschouia dioc. Strigoniensis, matriculation 1517, s. 2 gr.;
Michael Michaelis de Caschovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1517, s. 4 gr.;
Matheus Barnabe de Casau, dioc. Agriens., matriculation 1517;
Volffgangus Johannis de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1518, 4 gr. s.;
Cristophorus Johannis de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1518, t.s.; magister 1518;
Paulus Thome de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1519, 2 gr.;
Johannes Stephani de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1519, 2 gr. s.; baccalaureus 1519;
Johannes Caspar de Cassovia dioc. Agriensis, matriculation 1521, s.t.;
Christophorus de Cassovia, matriculation 1521;
Thom. de Casszouia, matriculation year not known; baccalaureus 1521;
Symon Johannis de Caschovia dioc. Strigoniensis, matriculation 1529, 4 gr. s.;
See András Kubinyi, “Städtische Bürger und Universitätsstudien in Ungarn am Ende des Mittelalters,” in Stadt und Universität im Mittelalter und in der früheren Neuzeit, ed. Erich Maschke and Jürgen Sydow, 161-165 ( Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1977), here p. 162.
See Ondrej R. Halaga, “Pakty vzájmnosti obchodnych stredísk Krakova a Košic” (Pacts of mutual relations between the trade centers of Cracow and Košice), Historicky Časopis 36:2 (1988): 159-174. Further contributions to the topic are included in the following publication Gaidoš, Marián, ed. Urbs-provincia-orbis. Contributiones ad historiam contactuum civitatum Carpathicarum in honorem O. R. Halaga editae, ( Košice: Spoločenskovedný ústav SAV, 1993).
See among others J. Dąbrowski, “Kraków a Węgry w wiekach średnich” (Cracow and the Hungarians in the Middle Ages), Rocznik Krakowski 13 (1911): 187–250; E. Kovács, “Vztahy krakovskej univerzity k Slovensku za renesancie” (The relations between the University of Cracow and Slovakia during the Renaissance) in Humanizmus a renesancia na Slovensku (Humanism and Renaissance in Slovakia), ed. L. Holotík, 147-161 (Bratislava: VSAV, 1967); Idem, A krakkói egyetem és a magyar művelődés (The University of Cracow and the Hungarian culture), (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1964); K. Baczkowski, “Die ungarischen Studenten an der Krakauer Akademie im 15. Jahrhundert,” in Universitatis Budensis (1393-1995), eds. László Szögi and Júlia Varga, 117-128 (Budapest: Bak-Fisch KFT, 1997).
For a more recent detailed account on the history of the University of Cracow see Stopka, Krzysztof, Andrzej Kazimierz Banach, and Julian Dybiec, The History of the Jagiellonian University. Translated by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 2000).
Morawski, Casimir, Histoire de l’Université de Cracovie: Moyen Age et Renaissance, three volumes. Translated by P. Rongier (Paris: Alphonse Picard et Fils and Cracow: G. Gebethner et Comp., 1900, 1903, and 1905), here volume one, p. 161f.
Janusz J. Tomiak, “The University of Cracow in the Period of Its Greatness: 1364-1549,” The Polish Review, 16:2 (1971): 25-44, here p. 33.
See for instance the article of Wanda Backowska, “Die internationalen Beziehungen der Krakauer Akademie in der Zeit vom 15. bis zum Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts,” in Universitas Budensis 1395-1995, ed. László Szögi and Júlia Varga, 79-87 (Budapest: Bak-Fisch KFT, 1997).
Album Studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis, Tomus I, ab anno 1400 ad annum 1489, ed. Boleslaus Ulanowski (Cracow: Typis et impensis universitatis jagellonicae, 1887); Album Studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis, Tomus II, ab anno 1490 ad annum 1551, ed. Adam Chmiel (Cracow: Typis universitatis jagellonicae, 1892);
Regestrum Bursae Cracoviensis Hungarorum nunc primum ex autographo Codice Bibliothecae Cracoviensis editum, ed. J.F. Miller (Budapest: Typis Regiae Universitatis Hungaricae, 1821) and Regestrum Bursae Hungarorum Cracoviensis. A krakói magyar tanulók- háza lakóinak jegyzéke (1493-1558) ([…] The list of inhabitants of the students’ bursa in Cracow (1493-1558), ed. Károly Schrauf (Budapest: A.M. Tud. Akadémia Kiadványa, 1893).
Statuta nec non Liber Promotionum Philosophorum Ordinis in Universitate Studiorum Jagellonica ab anno 1402 ad annum 1849, ed. Josephus Muczkowski (Cracow: Typis Universitatis, 1849).
Herewith I would like to express my particular gratitude to Ms. Izabela Skierska, whose help in sharing part of the database related to students from Košice and also of various other information in connection with my research was extremely valuable. For further information about the sources used for the project see also the article by Antoni Gąsiorowski, “Nad najstarszą Metryką najstarszego polskiego uniwersytetu: Album studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis 1400-1508” (About the oldest matriculation list of the oldest Polish University: Album studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis 1400-1508), Roczniki historyczne 66 (2000): 135-156.
Franze, Herbert, “Herkunft und Volkszugehörigkeit der Krakauer Studenten des 15. Jahrhunderts,” Deutsche Monatshefte in Polen 5 (1938-9): 16-41, here p. 18: “fuit autem per illam totam commutacionem in Ciuitate Cracouiensi et cicumcirca grandis pestilencia” as written in the matriculation list in the year 1439.
Acta rectoralia almae Universitatis studii Cracoviensis ab anno 1469, two volumes, ed. Wladislaus Wisłocki (Cracow: Spółka wydawnicza polska, 1893-1897), here volume one, p. 53, nr. 242.
For a very detailed list of various burses related to the University of Cracow see Stopka, Krzysztof, Andrzej Kazimierz Banach, and Julian Dybiec, The History of the Jagiellonian University, p. 33ff.
Kaniewska, Irena. “Les étudiants de l’Université de Cracovie aux XVe et XVIe siècles (1433-1560),” in Les Universités européennes du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle: Histoire sociale des populations étudiantes, ed. Dominique Julia, Jacques Revel, and Roger Chartier, 113-33 (Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1986), here p. 124f.
Farbaky, Péter, Szatmári György, a mecénás (Szatmári György: A benefactor) (Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó, 2002), here p. 178.
Morawski, Casimir, Histoire de l’Université de Cracovie, volume three, p. 207ff.
Stopka, Krzysztof, Andrzej Kazimierz Banach, and Julian Dybiec, The History of the Jagiellonian University, p 42ff.
For details on the examination process see Muczkowski, Statuta nec non liber promotionum philosophorum ordinis, pp I-CCXL (Statuta facultatis artium).
For more on the content of study at the department of arts see Morawski, Histoire de l’Université, de Cracovie, volume one., p. 218 ff, where the author describes in great detail the content of studies according to a number of original certificates of students he has looked at.
Source for the second and third columns: Gąsiorowski, Antoni “Die Graduierten der Krakauer Universität im 15 Jh. im Lichte des ‘Liber Promotionum Facultatis Artium in Universitate Cracoviensi’,” in The Development of Literate Mentalities in East Central Europe, eds. Anna Adamska and Marco Mostert, 247-265 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004).
See Gąsiorowski, Antoni. “O mieszczanach studiujących na uniwersytecie krakowskim w XV wieku” (About burghers studying at the Krakow university in the fifteenth century), in Aetas media, aetas moderna, ed. Agnieszka Bartoszewicz et al., 653-663 (Warsaw: Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2000), here p. 660-662.
Gąsiorowski, Antoni, Die Graduierten der Krakauer Universität im 15 Jh., here p. 248.
Stopka, Krzysztof, Andrzej Kazimierz Banach, and Julian Dybiec, The History of the Jagiellonian University, p. 46.
For more information on these privileges see Stopka, Krzysztof, Andrzej Kazimierz Banach, and Julian Dybiec, The History of the Jagiellonian University, p. 11f.
Kaniewska, Irena, Les étudiants de l’Université de Cracovie aux XVe et XVIe siècles, p. 115. In Kaniewska’s opinion, such cases were not very frequent in Cracow, however several have been established. See also Morawski, Casimir, Histoire de l’Université de Cracovie, volume three, p. 246ff.
For sources used to compile this list see notes 8, 9, 10, and 11. The used abbreviations are explained on page 10.
